Massive seasonal high-altitude migrations of nocturnal insects above the agricultural plains of East China.

Long-distance migrations of insects contribute to ecosystem functioning but also have important economic impacts when the migrants are pests or provide ecosystem services. We combined radar monitoring, aerial sampling, and searchlight trapping, to quantify the annual pattern of nocturnal insect migration above the densely populated agricultural lands of East China. A total of ~9.3 trillion nocturnal insect migrants (15,000 t of biomass), predominantly Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera, including many crop pests and disease vectors, fly at heights up to 1 km above this 600 km-wide region every year. Larger migrants (>10 mg) exhibited seasonal reversal of movement directions, comprising northward expansion during spring and summer, followed by southward movements during fall. This north-south transfer was not balanced, however, with southward movement in fall 0.66× that of northward movement in spring and summer. Spring and summer migrations were strongest when the wind had a northward component, while in fall, stronger movements occurred on winds that allowed movement with a southward component; heading directions of larger insects were generally close to the track direction. These findings indicate adaptations leading to movement in seasonally favorable directions. We compare our results from China with similar studies in Europe and North America and conclude that ecological patterns and behavioral adaptations are similar across the Northern Hemisphere. The predominance of pests among these nocturnal migrants has severe implications for food security and grower prosperity throughout this heavily populated region, and knowledge of their migrations is potentially valuable for forecasting pest impacts and planning timely management actions.

Novel pheromone-mediated reproductive behaviour in the stag beetle, Lucanus cervus.

The iconic European stag beetle (Lucanus cervus) (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) is one of the largest terrestrial beetles in Europe. Due to decreasing population numbers, thought to be a consequence of habitat loss, this beetle has become a near-threatened species across much of Europe, and a reliable monitoring system is required to measure its future population trends. As part of a programme aimed at conserving UK populations, we have investigated the chemical ecology of the beetle, with a view to developing an efficient semiochemical-based monitoring system. Such a scheme will be beneficial not only in the UK but across the European range of the species, where the beetle is of conservation concern. Here, we report on a surprising discovery of a male-produced pheromone, which provokes initial sexual receptivity in females, and which has not been previously identified in the animal kingdom. Furthermore, we assign sex pheromone function to a previously described female-specific compound.

Juvenile probation officers delivering an intervention for substance use significantly reduces adolescents' risky sexual behaviours.

BACKGROUND: Risky sexual behaviour (RSB) is a serious public health problem for adolescents. We examined whether a contingency management intervention implemented by juvenile probation officers (JPOs) targeting substance use also impacted RSB. METHODS: A total of 218 adolescents on probation were randomly assigned to contingency management or to probation as usual. RESULTS: The substance use intervention delivered by JPOs reduced rates of RSB over time (ß =-0.32, P =0.041 at 6months; ß =-0.32, P =0.036 at 9months). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents receiving a substance use intervention from JPOs demonstrated reduced/prevented RSB. Interventions targeting single risk behaviours in juvenile probation populations should measure changes in other risk behaviours . Under-resourced communities lacking clinicians might consider JPOs delivering interventions.

Swimming Against the Current: Addressing Community Needs and Establishing Partnerships for the Prevention of Opioid and Methamphetamine use Among Parents.

The opioid and methamphetamine crises in Oregon have a consequential impact on young families, as an increasing number of parents experience substance use disorder (SUD). As parental substance use escalates, the child welfare system (CWS) becomes overwrought with families who have complex needs. The burden placed on families and on the CWS indicates a need for prevention and treatment interventions for parental SUDs. In response to the worst statewide opioid and methamphetamine epidemics in the USA, a Hybrid Type 2 trial of PRE-FAIR-a prevention intervention for parents-is being implemented in five Oregon counties. Establishing strong partnerships within the communities helped identify the need to implement the evidence-based FAIR treatment model alongside PRE-FAIR. A strong focus on implementation includes meeting the needs of communities and establishing the infrastructure necessary for sustainment of the FAIR programs at the provider agencies. Despite implementation efforts to direct toward PRE-FAIR referrals, parents in need of treatment are being referred at a disproportionate rate, as are older parents who fall outside of study-eligibility. Both challenges have delayed the ability to enroll a sufficient number of participants for the prevention trial. This commentary describes the impact of the opioid and methamphetamine epidemics in Oregon as the crises relate to implementing prevention versus treatment interventions-highlighting the importance of addressing community needs and establishing strong partnerships, which has allowed creative strategies to increase PRE-FAIR recruitment.

Influence of provider openness and leadership behaviors on adherence to motivational interviewing training implementation strategies: Considerations for evidence-based practice delivery.

Background: Adherence to intervention training implementation strategies is at the foundation of fidelity; however, few studies have linked training adherence to trainee attitudes and leadership behaviors to identify what practically matters for the adoption and dissemination of evidence-based practices. Through the conduct of this hybrid type 3 effectiveness-implementation cluster randomized controlled trial, we collected Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment (EPIS) data and merged it with tailored motivational interviewing training adherence data, to elucidate the relationship between provider attitudes toward evidence-based practices, leadership behaviors, and training implementation strategy (e.g., workshop attendance and participation in one-on-one coaching) adherence. Method: Our sample included data from providers who completed baseline (pre-intervention) surveys that captured inner and outer contexts affecting implementation and participated in tailored motivational interviewing training, producing a dataset that included training implementation strategies adherence and barriers and facilitators to implementation (N = 77). Leadership was assessed by two scales: the director leadership scale and implementation leadership scale. Attitudes were measured with the evidence-based practice attitude scale (EBPAS-50). Adherence to training implementation strategies was modeled as a continuous outcome with a Gaussian distribution. Analyses were conducted in SPSS. Results: Of the nine general attitudes toward evidence-based practice, openness was associated with training adherence (estimate [EST] = 0.096, p < .001; 95% CI = [0.040, 0.151]). Provider general (EST = 0.054, 95% CI = [0.007, 0.102]) and motivational interviewing-specific (EST = 0.044, 95% CI = [0.002, 0.086]) leadership behaviors were positively associated with training adherence (p < .05). Of the four motivational interviewing-specific leadership domains, knowledge and perseverant were associated with training adherence (p < .05). As these leadership behaviors increased, knowledge (EST = 0.042, 95% CI = [0.001, 0.083]) and perseverant (EST = 0.039, 95% CI = [0.004, 0.075]), so did provider adherence to training implementation strategies. Conclusions: As implementation science places more emphasis on assessing readiness prior to delivering evidence-based practices by evaluating organizational climate, funding streams, and change culture, consideration should also be given to metrics of leadership. A potential mechanism to overcome resistance is via the implementation of training strategies focused on addressing leadership prior to conducting training for the evidence-based practice of interest.

Researchers and practitioners, who aim to improve the uptake of evidence-based practices, continue to seek ways in which to improve provider participation in training implementation strategies. The persistent challenge in addressing provider disengagement, while linking this disinterest to poor patient outcomes, has been ascertaining how to quantify relevant delivery considerations, for example, provider attitudes and leadership behaviors that may influence commitment to learning or apathy to behavior change, concurrently with training adherence. Through the conduct of this study, we collected both types of data: (1) provider attitudes and leadership behaviors and (2) training adherence outcomes. We found that provider openness, general leadership behaviors, and motivational interviewing-specific leadership behaviors were associated with adherence to training implementation strategies. As more emphasis is placed on assessing clinic readiness prior to adopting new evidence-based practices, a discussion on including metrics of provider attitudes to evidence-based practice, innovation, and the specific intervention is warranted, alongside consideration for how implementation training strategies focused on addressing leadership can bolster change-supportive behaviors prior to delivery of innovations.

Physiological and behavioral basis of diamondback moth Plutella xylostella migration and its association with heat stress.

BACKGROUND: Migration is a strategy that shifts insects to more favorable habitats in response to deteriorating local environmental conditions. The ecological factors that govern insect migration are poorly understood for many species. Plutella xylostella causes great losses in Brassica vegetable and oilseed crops, and undergoes mass migration. However, the physiological and behavioral basis for distinguishing migratory individuals and the factors driving its migration remain unclear. RESULTS: Daily light trap catches conducted from April to July in a field population of P. xylostella in central China revealed a sharp decline in abundance from late-May. Analysis of ovarian development levels showed that the proportion of sexually immature females gradually increased, while the mating rate decreased, indicating that generations occurring in May mainly resulted from local breeding and that emigration began in late-May. Physiological and behavioral analyses revealed that emigrant populations had a higher take-off proportion, stronger flight capacity and greater energy reserves of triglyceride compared to residents. Furthermore, a gradual increase in temperature from 24 °C to >30 °C during larval development resulted in a significant delay in oogenesis and increased take-off propensity of adults compared with the control treatment reared at a constant temperature of 24 °C. CONCLUSION: Our results provide the physiological and behavioral factors that underpin mass migration in P. xylostella, and demonstrate that exposure to increased temperature increases their migration propensity at the cost of reproductive output. This study sheds light on understanding the factors that influence population dynamics, migratory propensity and reproductive tradeoffs in migratory insects. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Mechanisms of Successful Implementation of Tailored Motivational Interviewing in a Multisite Study of Youth HIV Clinics in the United States.

BACKGROUND: A recent implementation science stepped-wedge trial of motivational interviewing (MI) in adolescent HIV clinics indicated variable degrees of implementation success. The present mixed-methods study analyzed trajectories of postimplementation MI competence scores and compared postimplementation qualitative interviews among the clinics with the highest levels of provider competency and the lowest levels of competency to further understand mechanisms of successful implementation. SETTING: Ten HIV clinics in the Adolescent Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions. METHODS: This study used a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. Continuous MI competency data from the parent study were structured with repeated measurements nested within providers nested within 10 sites. A mixed-effects regression model rank ordered the clinics by competence scores. Key stakeholders (N = 77) at the 10 randomized clinics completed a 1-hour qualitative interview at 12-month follow-up (immediately postimplementation). Using the phases of reflexive thematic analysis, interviews from the 3 highest competence clinics and the 3 lowest competence clinics were pragmatically analyzed. RESULTS: Thematic analysis suggested 3 central themes that influenced successful evidence-based practice (EBP) implementation. Organizational culture included the leadership, collective effort, and resources that influenced how the organization at large responded to the implementation intervention. Staff attitudes encapsulated individual providers' mindsets and attitudes about MI and the implementation intervention. EBP integration reflected the perception and use of MI by individuals and the organization as a whole. These themes and their subthemes are interconnected and exerted an influence on each other through the implementation process. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest additional implementation strategies to improve implementation of EBPs. Such mixed-methods research is critical to understanding the mechanisms of successful implementation of EBP and improving future implementation strategies.

Bat activity correlated with migratory insect bioflows in the Pyrenees.

High altitude mountain passes in the Pyrenees are known to be important migratory hotspots for autumn migrating insects originating from large swathes of northern Europe. In the Pyrenees, prior research has focused on diurnal migratory insects. In this study, we investigate the nocturnal component of the migratory assemblage and ask if this transient food source is also used by bat species. Three seasons of insect trapping revealed 66 species of four different orders, 90% of which were Noctuid moths, including the destructive pest Helicoverpa armigera, otherwise known as the cotton bollworm. Acoustic bat detectors revealed that high activity of Nyctalus spp. and Tadarida teniotis bats were closely synchronized with the arrival of the migratory moths, suggesting this food source is important for both resident and migratory bats to build or maintain energy reserves. Bats of the Nyctalus spp. are likely migrating through the study site using fly-and-forage strategies or stopping over in the area, while resident T. teniotis may be exploiting the abundant food source to build fat stores for hibernation. This study shows that nocturnal migratory insects are abundant in the Pyrenees during autumn and interact during migration, not only with their co-migrant bats but also with resident bat species.

The relative value of Pre-Implementation stages for successful implementation of evidence-informed programs.

BACKGROUND: Most implementations fail before the corresponding services are ever delivered. Measuring implementation process fidelity may reveal when and why these attempts fail. This knowledge is necessary to support the achievement of positive implementation milestones, such as delivering services to clients (program start-up) and competency in treatment delivery. The present study evaluates the extent to which implementation process fidelity at different implementation stages predicts achievement of those milestones. METHODS: Implementation process fidelity data-as measured by the Stages of Implementation Completion (SIC)-from 1287 implementing sites across 27 evidence-informed programs were examined in mixed effects regression models with sites nested within programs. Implementation process fidelity, as measured by the proportion of implementation activities completed during the three stages of the SIC Pre-Implementation phase and overall Pre-Implementation (Phase 1) and Implementation (Phase 2) proportion scores, was assessed as a predictor of sites achieving program start-up (i.e., delivering services) and competency in program delivery. RESULTS: The predicted probability of start-up across all sites was low at 35% (95% CI [33%, 38%]). When considering the evidence-informed program being implemented, that probability was nearly twice as high (64%; 95% CI [42%, 82%]), and 57% of the total variance in program start-up was attributable to the program. Implementation process fidelity was positively and significantly associated with achievement of program start-up and competency. The magnitude of this relationship varied significantly across programs for Pre-Implementation Stage 1 (i.e., Engagement) only. Compared to other stages, completing more Pre-Implementation Stage 3 (Readiness Planning) activities resulted in the most rapid gains in probability of achieving program start-up. The predicted probability of achieving competency was very low unless sites had high scores in both Pre-Implementation and Implementation phases. CONCLUSIONS: Strong implementation process fidelity-as measured by SIC Pre-Implementation and Implementation phase proportion scores-was associated with sites' achievement of program start-up and competency in program delivery, with early implementation process fidelity being especially potent. These findings highlight the importance of a rigorous Pre-Implementation process.

Future-oriented repetitive thought, depressive symptoms, and suicide ideation severity: Role of future-event fluency and depressive predictive certainty.

BACKGROUND: Knowing how future-oriented repetitive thought - i.e., repeated consideration of whether positive or negative outcomes will happen in one's future - leads to hopelessness-related cognitions may elucidate the role of anticipating the future in depressive symptoms and suicide ideation. This study examined future-event fluency and depressive predictive certainty - i.e., the tendency to make pessimistic future-event predictions with certainty - as mechanisms explaining the relation between future-oriented repetitive thought, depressive symptoms, and suicide ideation. METHODS: Young adults (N = 354), oversampled for suicide ideation or attempt history, completed baseline measures of pessimistic future-oriented repetitive thought (i.e., the degree to which people consider whether negative outcomes will happen or positive outcomes will not happen in their futures), future-event fluency, depressive predictive certainty, depressive symptoms, and suicide ideation severity and were followed up 6 months later (N = 324). RESULTS: Pessimistic future-oriented repetitive thought predicted depressive predictive certainty at 6-months, partially mediated by lower positive but not increased negative future-event fluency. There was an indirect relationship between pessimistic future-oriented repetitive thought and 6-month suicide ideation severity via 6-month depressive predictive certainty through 6-month depressive symptoms, and also via 6-month depressive symptoms (but not depressive predictive certainty) alone. LIMITATIONS: Lack of an experimental design limits inferences about causality, and a predominantly female sample may limit generalizability by sex. CONCLUSION: Clinical interventions should address pessimistic future-oriented repetitive thought - and its impact on how easily people can think about positive future outcomes - as one potential way to reduce depressive symptoms and, indirectly, suicide ideation.

JUVENILE PROBATION OFFICER PERCEPTIONS OF PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT IN JUVENILE PROBATION AND WITH CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT.

Probation is a common sanction for youth substance users, and as such, juvenile probation officers (JPOs) shoulder much of the burden for treatment and rehabilitation. To improve youth outcomes and alleviate some of the burden, JPOs may seek parental involvement in the probation and substance use desistance processes. Using focus group data, we analyzed JPO perceptions of the role parents play in contingency management (CM)-an incentive system designed to produce and reward decreased substance use-and whether they perceived any value in CM. We found that most JPOs perceived parental involvement as critical to the success of both substance use treatment and CM for youth. Our findings also suggest JPOs found parental involvement in CM valuable given that CM was employed on nonstudy clients and future clients. This has implications for the practicality and sustainability of CM as a youth probation intervention.

Efficient and effective measurement of provider competence in community-based substance use treatment settings: Performance of the Motivational Interviewing Coach Rating Scale (MI-CRS).

OBJECTIVE: Efficient and effective fidelity measurement is necessary to improve rigor and reduce burden of motivational interviewing (MI) implementation studies for both fidelity outcomes and quality improvement strategies. This article reports on such a measure developed with rigorous methodology and tested in community-based substance abuse treatment settings. METHODS: This scale development study analyzed data from a National Institute on Drug Abuse study testing the Leadership and Organizational Change for Implementation (LOCI) strategy. Utilizing item response theory (IRT) methods and Rasch modeling, we analyzed coded recordings (N = 1089) of intervention sessions of 238 providers from 60 substance use treatment clinics across nine agencies in an implementation trial focusing on MI. RESULTS: These methods yielded a reliable and valid 12-item scale representing single construct dimensionality, strong item-session maps, good rating scale functionality, and item fit. Separation reliability and absolute agreement for adjacent categories was high. No items were significantly misfitting, though one was borderline. The LOCI community providers were less likely to be scored in the advanced competence range and items were more difficult compared to the original development sample. CONCLUSIONS: The 12-item Motivational Interviewing Coach Rating Scale (MI-CRS) showed excellent performance in a large sample of community-based substance use treatment providers using real recordings. The MI-CRS is the first efficient and effective fidelity measure appropriate for diverse ethnic groups, with interventions that are MI only or interventions that integrate MI with other treatments, and with adolescents and adults. Follow-up coaching by trained supervisors may be needed for community-based providers to achieve the highest level of MI competence.

Study Protocol: Multi-level Determinants of Implementation and Sustainment in the Education Sector.

Evidence-based programs (EBPs) delivered in elementary schools show great promise in reducing risk for emotional and behavioral disorders (EBDs). However, efforts to sustain EBPs in school face barriers. Improving EBP sustainment thus represents a priority, but little research exists to inform the development of sustainment strategies. To address this gap, the Sustaining Evidenced-Based Innovations through Multi-level Implementation Constructs (SEISMIC) project will: (a) Determine if malleable individual, intervention, and organizational factors predict EBP treatment fidelity and modifications during implementation, sustainment, or both; (b) Assess the impact of EBP fidelity and modifications on child outcomes during implementation and sustainment; and (c) Explore the mechanisms through which individual, intervention, and organizational factors influence sustainment outcomes. This protocol paper describes SEISMIC, which builds upon a federally-funded RCT evaluating BEST in CLASS, a teacher-delivered program for K-3rd grade children at risk for EBDs. The sample will include 96 teachers, 384 children, and 12 elementary schools. A multi-level, interrupted time series design will be used to examine the relationship between baseline factors, treatment fidelity, modifications, and child outcomes, followed by a mixed-method approach to elucidate the mechanisms that influence sustainment outcomes. Findings will be used to create a strategy to improve EBP sustainment in schools.

Delinquency, Substance Use, and Risky Sexual Behaviors among Youth who are involved in the Justice System and Predominantly Reside in Rural Communities: Patterns and Associated Risk Factors.

There is a significant gap in research examining the prevalence of problem behaviors among youth involved in the juvenile justice system in rural areas. The current study sought to address this gap by exploring the behavioral patterns of 210 youth who were on juvenile probation in predominantly rural counties and who were identified as having a substance use disorder. First, we examined the correlation among 7 problem behaviors representing different forms of substance use, delinquency, and sexual risk-taking and 8 risk factors related to recent service utilization, internalizing and externalizing difficulties, and social support networks. Then, we used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify distinct behavioral profiles based on the observed problem behaviors. LCA identified a 3-class model representing distinct groups labeled Experimenting (70%), Polysubstance Use + Delinquent Behaviors (24%), and Diverse Delinquent Behaviors (6%). Finally, we assessed differences (i.e., ANOVA, χ2) in each risk factor across the behavioral profiles. Important similarities and differences in the association among the problem behaviors, behavioral profiles, and the risk factors were revealed. These findings underscore the need for an interconnected behavioral health model within rural juvenile justice systems that is able to address youths' multidimensional needs including criminogenic, behavioral, and physical health needs.

Changing patterns of the East Asian monsoon drive shifts in migration and abundance of a globally important rice pest.

Numerous insects including pests and beneficial species undertake windborne migrations over hundreds of kilometers. In East Asia, climate-induced changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation systems are affecting wind-fields and precipitation zones and these, in turn, are changing migration patterns. We examined the consequences in a serious rice pest, the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) in East China. BPH cannot overwinter in temperate East Asia, and infestations there are initiated by several waves of windborne spring or summer migrants originating from tropical areas in Indochina. The East Asian summer monsoon, characterized by abundant rainfall and southerly winds, is of critical importance for these northward movements. We analyzed a 42-year dataset of meteorological parameters and catches of BPH from a standardized network of 341 light-traps in South and East China. We show that south of the Yangtze River during summer, southwesterly winds have weakened and rainfall increased, while the summer precipitation has decreased further north on the Jianghuai Plain. Together, these changes have resulted in shorter migratory journeys for BPH leaving South China. As a result, pest outbreaks of BPH in the key rice-growing area of the Lower Yangtze River Valley (LYRV) have declined since 2001. We show that these changes to the East Asian summer monsoon weather parameters are driven by shifts in the position and intensity of the Western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) system that have occurred during the last 20 years. As a result, the relationship between WPSH intensity and BPH immigration that was previously used to predict the size of the immigration to the LYRV has now broken down. Our results demonstrate that migration patterns of a serious rice pest have shifted in response to the climate-induced changes in precipitation and wind pattern, with significant consequences for the population management of migratory pests.

Relations between provider adherence to a tailored motivational intervention protocol and competence in motivational interviewing.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between provider adherence to Tailored Motivational Interviewing implementation strategy and motivational interviewing (MI) competence. METHODS: 156 youth-focused HIV providers enrolled in a parent implementation science trial completed: a) quarterly standardized patient assessments (SPI) during Baseline; b) a workshop, individual coaching sessions, and quarterly SPI plus feedback during Implementation; and c) quarterly SPI during Sustainment. Competence was measured using the MI-CRS and tracking data was used to assess adherence. We examined overall adherence as well as adherence to each implementation strategy in relation to MI competence. RESULTS: Overall adherence was not associated with overall MI competence. MI competence significantly increased from Baseline to Implementation and Baseline to Sustainment. Some individual implementation strategies were associated with change in competence and the probability of achieving Intermediate/Advanced competence. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that 100% percent adherence to all TMI implementation strategies may not be necessary. Completing some of the TMI implementation strategies yielded improvements in MI competence. The use of routine tracking data to measure adherence maybe more pragmatic than using observational coders and more objective than self-reports. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: In busy HIV clinics, MI training should focus on strategies most directly associated with increased provider competence.

Examining the measurement precision of behavior problems among a sample of primarily rural youth on juvenile probation and their parents.

Accurate and timely intervention in the justice system is particularly critical in rural communities, given documented barriers to accessible, evidence-based services for youth. As youth in the juvenile justice system have a high prevalence of behavioral health needs, accurate assessment of those needs is a critical first step in linking youth to appropriate care. The goal of the current study is to examine the reliability of a brief assessment (the Brief Problem Checklist [BPC]) among a sample of 222 justice-involved youth and their caregivers who primarily reside in rural communities in the United States. Using a series of reliability analyses and tests of agreement, we examined whether youth and caregiver BPC produces reliable scales, the strength of the convergence among each of the BPC scales, and youth and caregiver agreement on the BPC scales. Findings support the reliability of the BPC, but not inter-rater reliability. Poor agreement between youth and caregiver reports exists for both youth internalizing and externalizing problems. Additionally, the BPC was significantly related to several theoretically relevant constructs, including treatment, substance use disorder severity, and family history of substance use. These findings lend merit to discussions about the need for more research on the reliability and validity of assessment instruments before their widespread use in guiding youth- and agency case planning decisions, along with informing conclusions about program effectiveness.

Adaptive migratory orientation of an invasive pest on a new continent.

Many species of insects undertake long-range, seasonally reversed migrations, displaying sophisticated orientation behaviors to optimize their migratory trajectories. However, when invasive insects arrive in new biogeographical regions, it is unclear if migrants retain (or how quickly they regain) ancestral migratory traits, such as seasonally preferred flight headings. Here we present behavioral evidence that an invasive migratory pest, the fall armyworm moth (Spodoptera frugiperda), a native of the Americas, exhibited locally adaptive migratory orientation less than three years after arriving on a new continent. Specimens collected from China showed flight orientations directed north-northwest in spring and southwest in autumn, and this would promote seasonal forward and return migrations in East Asia. We also show that the driver of the seasonal switch in orientation direction is photoperiod. Our results thus provide a clear example of an invasive insect that has rapidly exhibited adaptive migratory behaviors, either inherited or newly evolved, in a completely alien environment.

Misunderstanding and Sensemaking Among Juvenile Probation Officers Working with Evidence-Based Practices.

Evidence-based practices and programs (EBPs) have been adopted in juvenile probation agencies nationwide to maximize the number of successful probation cases. However, various pragmatic studies have found that JPOs are not yielding the expected benefits when compared to efficacy studies (Lipsey et al., 2010; Taxman & Belenko, 2011). Using focus group and survey data, the current study sought to increase our understanding of the gap between pragmatic and efficacy studies in juvenile probation settings by examining JPOs' perceptions and utilization of EBPs. The findings suggest that JPOs are misunderstanding how to use EBPs in daily practice, leaving them with negative perceptions of EBPs. Implications for improving JPO understanding and use of EBPs are discussed.

A cold high-pressure system over North China hinders the southward migration of Mythimna separata in autumn.

BACKGROUND: In warm regions or seasons of the year, the planetary boundary layer is occupied by a huge variety and quantity of insects, but the southward migration of insects (in East Asia) in autumn is still poorly understood. METHODS: We collated daily catches of the oriental armyworm (Mythimna separata) moth from 20 searchlight traps from 2014 to 2017 in China. In order to explore the autumn migratory connectivity of M. separata in East China, we analyzed the autumn climate and simulated the autumn migration process of moths. RESULTS: The results confirmed that northward moth migration in spring and summer under the East Asian monsoon system can bring rapid population growth. However, slow southerly wind (blowing towards the north) prevailed over the major summer breeding area in North China (33°-40° N) due to a cold high-pressure system located there, and this severely disrupts the autumn 'return' migration of this pest. Less than 8% of moths from the summer breeding area successfully migrated back to their winter-breeding region, resulting in a sharp decline of the population abundance in autumn. As northerly winds (blowing towards the south) predominate at the eastern periphery of a high-pressure system, the westward movement of the high-pressure system leads to more northerlies over North China, increasing the numbers of moths migrating southward successfully. Therefore, an outbreak year of M. separata larvae was associated with a more westward position of the high-pressure system during the previous autumn. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the southward migration in autumn is crucial for sustaining pest populations of M. separata, and the position of the cold high-pressure system in September is a key environmental driver of the population size in the next year. This study indicates that the autumn migration of insects in East China is more complex than previously recognized, and that the meteorological conditions in autumn are an important driver of migratory insects' seasonal and interannual population dynamics.